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Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi...

Muscles that Move the Forearm

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...

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Polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE as a Suture Material in Tendon Surgery

Polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE as a Suture Material in Tendon Surgery

Published on: October 6, 2022

[Extensor tendon injuries of the hand].

S Sirous¹, D Tilkorn², J Hauser²

¹Klinik für plastische, rekonstruktive und ästhetische Chirurgie, Handchirurgie, Alfried Krupp Krankenhaus Essen-Steele, Hellweg 100, 45276, Essen, Deutschland. salimeh.sirous@krupp-krankenhaus.de.

Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift Fur Alle Gebiete Der Operativen Medizen

|October 22, 2020

Summary

Extensor tendon injuries in zones 1-2 may be treated nonoperatively. Injuries in zones 3-8 typically require surgery, with outcomes depending on injury severity, surgical technique, and rehabilitation.

Keywords:

Extensor tendon apparatus Hand and finger Surgical treatment Suture technique Zonal subdivision

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Murine Flexor Tendon Injury and Repair Surgery

Murine Flexor Tendon Injury and Repair Surgery

Published on: September 19, 2016

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Hand Surgery
Anatomy

Background:

The extensor tendon apparatus comprises intrinsic and extrinsic systems, divided into eight anatomical zones.
Injury management strategies vary significantly based on the affected zone.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline zone-dependent treatment protocols for extensor tendon injuries.
To emphasize the importance of anatomical knowledge and tailored surgical/rehabilitative approaches.

Main Methods:

Review of anatomical zones of the extensor tendon apparatus.
Analysis of treatment modalities (operative vs. nonoperative) based on injury zone.
Consideration of concomitant injuries (joints, bones, nerves, vessels).

Main Results:

Zones 1 and 2 injuries are amenable to nonoperative management.
Zones 3-8 injuries generally necessitate surgical intervention.
Suture technique, material, and postoperative care are zone-specific.

Conclusions:

Optimal management of extensor tendon injuries requires precise anatomical understanding and zone-specific, atraumatic surgical techniques.
Comprehensive treatment includes addressing concomitant injuries and implementing tailored rehabilitation and occupational therapy.
Successful outcomes depend on injury characteristics, surgical precision, and diligent follow-up care for preserving hand function.