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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Redox Titration: Iodimetry and Iodometry01:23

Redox Titration: Iodimetry and Iodometry

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Iodometry and iodimetry are analytical methods used to determine the concentration of oxidizing or reducing agents using iodine. In iodometric titrations, the oxidizing analyte solution is usually acidified and treated with an excess of iodide ions, which generates an equivalent amount of iodine in equilibrium with triiodide. The released iodine is subsequently titrated directly against a standardized reducing agent. As the dilute iodine color becomes pale yellow, a few drops of freshly...
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 4, 2025

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

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Iodine, thyroglobulin and thyroid gland.

R Bílek1, M Dvořáková, T Grimmichová

  • 1Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic. rbilek@endo.cz.

Physiological Research
|October 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Thyroglobulin (Tg) levels indicate long-term iodine intake, showing a U-shaped correlation. Elevated Tg suggests thyroid disease, while decreasing levels signal successful treatment and thyroid stabilization.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Iodine is crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis, impacting metabolism throughout life.
  • Urinary iodine concentration offers immediate intake data, whereas thyroglobulin (Tg) reflects longer-term iodine status (months).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the relationship between iodine intake and thyroglobulin levels.
  • To assess thyroglobulin as a biomarker for thyroid disease and treatment efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of iodine intake indicators (urine iodine concentration, serum Tg).
  • Correlation studies examining Tg levels in relation to varying iodine intake.
  • Evaluation of Tg changes in patients with thyroid disease before and after treatment.

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Main Results:

  • A U-shaped correlation exists between iodine intake and Tg levels.
  • Increased Tg is observed with both insufficient and excessive iodine intake in healthy populations.
  • Serum Tg is elevated in hyperthyroidism and goiter, decreasing post-treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroglobulin serves as a valuable long-term indicator of iodine status.
  • Decreasing Tg levels below 20 microg/l signify successful thyroid treatment and stabilization.