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Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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Phyllotaxis from a Single Apical Cell.

Elsa Véron1, Teva Vernoux1, Yoan Coudert1

  • 1Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, INRIA, Lyon 69007, France.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phyllotaxis, or leaf arrangement, in mosses arises from a single cell. This study explores how this single-celled meristem generates patterns, suggesting shared genetic mechanisms with flowering plants.

Keywords:
ArabidopsisPhyscomitrellaPhyscomitriummossphyllotaxis

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Area of Science:

  • Plant developmental biology
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Moss genetics

Background:

  • Phyllotaxis, the arrangement of leaves on a plant stem, dictates plant architecture.
  • Studies on phyllotaxis have primarily focused on multicellular shoot apical meristems in flowering plants.
  • Phyllotaxis has evolved independently across major land plant lineages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the mechanisms of phyllotaxis in mosses, which develop from a single apical cell.
  • Determine how asymmetric cell divisions in a single-celled meristem create phyllotactic patterns.
  • Explore potential shared genetic processes underlying phyllotaxis across different plant lineages.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of molecular mechanisms controlling shoot apical cell specification and activity.
  • Analysis of phyllotactic pattern formation in the model moss, Physcomitrium patens.
  • Comparative evolutionary analysis of genetic regulatory modules.

Main Results:

  • Moss phyllotaxis originates from a single apical cell, unlike the multicellular meristems of flowering plants.
  • Asymmetric divisions of this single cell are crucial for generating phyllotactic patterns.
  • Evidence suggests conserved molecular regulatory modules are deployed across evolution.

Conclusions:

  • Similar genetic modules have been repeatedly utilized throughout evolution to drive apical function.
  • These modules operate at different scales to produce convergent shoot forms in diverse plant lineages.
  • Understanding moss phyllotaxis provides insights into the evolution of plant architecture.