Integrating neuronal involvement into the immune and genetic paradigm of vitiligo

In this review we show how the neuronal theory is relevant to the convergence theory for the mechanism causing vitiligo, especially the segmental type. Neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, such as neuropeptide Y and dopamine, can be central to the pathological mechanisms of melanocyte destruction. They link into a bidirectional network connecting cutaneous nerves, the neuroendocrine axis and the immune system, and through their local influence on cutaneous inflammation, to the antigen-specific regulatory T cells and the chemokine ligand type 9/chemokine receptor type 1 axis, which is thought to be the final pathway for melanocyte destruction.