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Related Concept Videos

The Phosphorus Cycle01:21

The Phosphorus Cycle

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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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Polyprotic Acids03:38

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Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
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Phosphorylation01:02

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The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
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Phosphate Buffer01:22

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The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
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Titration of a polyprotic acid, which contains multiple ionizable protons, involves distinct dissociation steps, each with its own dissociation constant (Ka). Each successive Ka is weaker than the previous one. In the titration of a polyprotic acid like sulfurous acid with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the base first neutralizes the initial ionizable proton, forming an intermediate species (e.g., hydrogen sulfite ions). This step's titration curve resembles that of a weak...
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Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
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Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method
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Phosphonic acid: a long-standing and versatile crop protectant.

Elizabeth Dann1, Adéle McLeod2

  • 1Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

Pest Management Science
|October 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Phosphonic acid fungicides, or phosphonates, are versatile crop protectants effective against oomycete diseases in agriculture and natural ecosystems. Their continued use relies on proven efficacy, safety, and understanding plant-pathogen-environment interactions.

Keywords:
fosetyl-Alphosphonatephosphorous acidpotassium phosphonate

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Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method
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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Plant Pathology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Phosphonic acid-based fungicides (phosphonates) have been utilized in horticulture since the late 1970s.
  • They are effective against challenging foliar and soilborne oomycete diseases caused by Phytophthora, Pythium, and Plasmopara.
  • Phosphonates are increasingly applied in native ecosystems and forestry for pathogen management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the extensive use and versatility of phosphonates as crop protectants.
  • To highlight their significance in managing oomycete diseases in agriculture and natural environments.
  • To emphasize the need for understanding plant-pathogen-environment interactions for continued application.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of phosphonate applications in crop protection.
  • Analysis of their efficacy against various oomycete pathogens.
  • Examination of their broader functionalities and environmental applications.

Main Results:

  • Phosphonates demonstrate significant efficacy against difficult-to-manage soilborne oomycete pathogens.
  • Their application has expanded beyond horticulture to forestry and sensitive ecosystems.
  • Versatility is shown through applications in managing non-oomycete diseases and other functions.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphonates are vital tools for managing oomycete diseases in diverse settings.
  • Their sustained use requires ongoing research into their efficacy, safety, and ecological interactions.
  • Understanding the complex interplay between phosphonates, plants, pathogens, and the environment is crucial.