Validation of an Enzyme-Driven Model Explaining Photosynthetic Rate Responses to Limited Nitrogen in Crop Plants

The limited availability of nitrogen (N) is a fundamental challenge for many crop plants. We have hypothesized that the relative crop photosynthetic rate (P) is exponentially constrained by certain plant-specific enzyme activities, such as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), NADP-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP-G3PDH), 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA) kinase, and chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (cpFBPase), in Triticum aestivum and Oryza sativa. We conducted a literature search to compile information from previous studies on C₃ and C₄ crop plants, to examine the photosynthetic rate responses to limited leaf [N] levels. We found that in Zea mays, NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), PEP carboxykinase (PCK), and Rubisco activities were positively correlated with P. A positive correlation was also observed between both phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and Rubisco activity with leaf [N] in Sorghum bicolor. Key enzyme activities responded differently to P in C₃ and C₄ plants, suggesting that other factors, such as leaf [N] and the stage of leaf growth, also limited specific enzyme activities. The relationships followed the best fitting exponential relationships between key enzymes and the P rate in both C₃ and C₄ plants. It was found that C₄ species absorbed less leaf [N] but had higher [N] assimilation rates (A _rate) and higher maximum photosynthesis rates (P ), i.e., they were able to utilize and invest more [N] to sustain higher carbon gains. All C₃ species studied herein had higher [N] storage (N_store) and higher absorption of [N], when compared with the C₄ species. N_store was the main [N] source used for maintaining photosynthetic capacity and leaf expansion. Of the nine C₃ species assessed, rice had the greatest P , thereby absorbing more leaf [N]. Elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) was also found to reduce the leaf [N] and P in rice but enhanced the leaf [N] and N use efficiency of photosynthesis in maize. We concluded that eCO₂ affects [N] allocation, which directly or indirectly affects P . These results highlight the need to further study these physiological and biochemical processes, to better predict how crops will respond to eCO₂ concentrations and limited [N].