Advances in biomarker development and potential application for preeclampsia based on pathogenesis.

Area of Science:

• Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Maternal-Fetal Medicine
• Biomarker Research

Background:

• Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific condition with unknown etiology and no effective treatments.
• PE poses significant risks to maternal and infant health, forcing difficult decisions regarding pregnancy management.
• Current recommendations suggest combining maternal risk factors with biomarkers for PE prediction.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and classify potential biomarkers for preeclampsia based on major etiological hypotheses.
• To discuss the underlying mechanisms of biomarkers in PE pathogenesis.
• To advocate for the combined use of multiple biomarkers for improved PE risk prediction and clinical intervention.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of clinical research data on potential preeclampsia biomarkers.
• Classification of biomarkers according to four major hypotheses: placental ischemia/hypoxia, vascular injury, oxidative stress, and immune dysregulation.
• Discussion of biomarker involvement in PE pathogenesis.

Main Results:

• Identified and categorized numerous potential biomarkers implicated in PE.
• Highlighted the roles of placental factors, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and immune responses in PE development.
• Emphasized the need for validated biomarkers for clinical application.

Conclusions:

• A combination of multiple biomarkers reflecting diverse pathogenic aspects is crucial for accurate PE risk prediction.
• Validated biomarkers can facilitate targeted interventions and prevention strategies for high-risk populations.
• Future research focusing on sensitive and reliable biomarkers holds the potential to significantly improve PE detection accuracy.