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Orthophosphate Interactions with Destabilized PbO2 Scales
Michael K DeSantis1, Michael R Schock1, Jennifer Tully1
1Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States.
Changing disinfectants from chlorine to chloramine can increase lead corrosion by destabilizing existing lead scales. New lead phosphate compounds form, showing that old scales persist even after treatment changes.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Science
- Water Chemistry
- Materials Science
Background:
- Disinfectant changes in water systems can impact lead corrosion.
- Tetravalent lead dioxide (PbO2) scales are susceptible to destabilization.
- Orthophosphate is commonly used for corrosion control.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the effect of disinfectant change on lead corrosion.
- To examine the role of orthophosphate in destabilized lead scales.
- To characterize the new lead compounds formed.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of two case studies with disinfectant changes.
- Examination of orthophosphate treatment on lead scales.
- Powder X-ray diffraction for compound identification and lattice distortion analysis.
Main Results:
- Chloramine disinfectant destabilized tetravalent lead dioxide scales.
- Orthophosphate permeated destabilized scales and reacted with divalent lead.
- A novel calcium-substituted hydroxypyromorphite was formed, not previously identified.
- Lattice distortion was observed due to calcium incorporation.
Conclusions:
- Legacy lead scales can persist and react unexpectedly after treatment changes.
- Disinfectant shifts can lead to the formation of new, unidentified lead compounds.
- Understanding scale behavior is crucial for effective water treatment and lead mitigation.
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