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Related Concept Videos

Phosphate Buffer01:22

Phosphate Buffer

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The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
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Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
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Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

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Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
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The Phosphorus Cycle01:21

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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
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Phosphodiester Linkages01:01

Phosphodiester Linkages

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Overview
Phosphodiester bond forms when a phosphoric acid molecule (H3PO4) links with two hydroxyl groups (–OH) of two other molecules, forming two ester bonds. Two water molecules are released in this process. The phosphodiester bond is commonly found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and plays a critical role in their structure and function.
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Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of PhosphorusI
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Orthophosphate Interactions with Destabilized PbO2 Scales.

Michael K DeSantis1, Michael R Schock1, Jennifer Tully1

  • 1Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|October 26, 2020
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Summary

Changing disinfectants from chlorine to chloramine can increase lead corrosion by destabilizing existing lead scales. New lead phosphate compounds form, showing that old scales persist even after treatment changes.

Keywords:
disinfectant changehydroxypyromorphitelead corrosionlegacy PbO2 scalesphosphate treatment

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Water Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Disinfectant changes in water systems can impact lead corrosion.
  • Tetravalent lead dioxide (PbO2) scales are susceptible to destabilization.
  • Orthophosphate is commonly used for corrosion control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of disinfectant change on lead corrosion.
  • To examine the role of orthophosphate in destabilized lead scales.
  • To characterize the new lead compounds formed.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of two case studies with disinfectant changes.
  • Examination of orthophosphate treatment on lead scales.
  • Powder X-ray diffraction for compound identification and lattice distortion analysis.

Main Results:

  • Chloramine disinfectant destabilized tetravalent lead dioxide scales.
  • Orthophosphate permeated destabilized scales and reacted with divalent lead.
  • A novel calcium-substituted hydroxypyromorphite was formed, not previously identified.
  • Lattice distortion was observed due to calcium incorporation.

Conclusions:

  • Legacy lead scales can persist and react unexpectedly after treatment changes.
  • Disinfectant shifts can lead to the formation of new, unidentified lead compounds.
  • Understanding scale behavior is crucial for effective water treatment and lead mitigation.