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Related Concept Videos

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

21.3K
Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
21.3K
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

3.2K
Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
3.2K
Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process01:27

Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process

3.9K
The synthesis of phenol from benzene via cumene and cumene hydroperoxide is called the Hock process. First, a Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of benzene with propene gives cumene. Then cumene forms cumene hydroperoxide via a radical chain reaction. In the chain initiation step, the benzylic hydrogen is abstracted to give a benzylic radical. In the chain propagation step, the benzylic radical reacts with an oxygen diradical to form a cumene hydroperoxide radical. The cumene...
3.9K
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

4.1K
In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
4.1K
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

3.6K
Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is...
3.6K
Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

3.4K
The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para...
3.4K

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Updated: Dec 3, 2025

Preparation of N-2-alkoxyvinylsulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines
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Preparation of N-2-alkoxyvinylsulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

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Finding phenazine.

Libusha Kelly1,2, Sarah J Wolfson1

  • 1Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States.

Elife
|October 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Soil bacteria produce protective chemicals called phenazines, which help guard crops against fungal diseases. Analyzing soil genetics reveals these beneficial microbes and their disease-fighting mechanisms.

Keywords:
ecologyinfectious diseasemetagenomicsmicrobiologyphenazines

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Fungal diseases pose a significant threat to crop yields worldwide.
  • Understanding beneficial soil microbes is crucial for sustainable agriculture.
  • Phenazines are known antimicrobial compounds produced by bacteria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of soil bacteria in crop protection.
  • To identify bacteria producing phenazines for antifungal activity.
  • To analyze the genetic basis of phenazine production in soil microbiomes.

Main Methods:

  • DNA extraction and sequencing from soil samples.
  • Bioinformatic analysis of genetic information.
  • Identification of bacterial species and phenazine biosynthesis genes.

Main Results:

  • Genetic analysis revealed diverse bacteria in soil samples.
  • Specific bacterial populations were found to possess phenazine biosynthesis pathways.
  • Evidence suggests these bacteria contribute to suppressing fungal pathogens.

Conclusions:

  • Soil microbial communities harbor bacteria with significant crop-protective potential.
  • Phenazine-producing bacteria represent a valuable resource for biocontrol strategies.
  • Further research can leverage this genetic information for agricultural applications.