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Comparative ACE2 variation and primate COVID-19 risk.

Amanda D Melin1,2,3, Mareike C Janiak4,5, Frank Marrone6

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SARS-CoV-2 poses a threat to nonhuman primates. Apes, African, and Asian monkeys, and some lemurs are likely susceptible due to key ACE2 receptor similarities, necessitating conservation efforts.

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Area of Science:

  • Primate Virology
  • Comparative Genomics
  • Infectious Disease Ecology

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic.
  • Nonhuman primates share close genetic ancestry with humans and could be vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • Understanding primate susceptibility is crucial for conservation and zoonotic spillover prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the susceptibility of diverse primate species to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • To identify key genetic factors influencing viral binding to primate Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of ACE2 receptor amino acid sequences across various primate species.
  • Protein modeling to predict SARS-CoV-2 binding affinity to different primate ACE2 variants.

Main Results:

  • Apes, African, and Asian monkeys (catarrhines) possess key ACE2 residues identical to humans, suggesting high susceptibility.
  • New World monkeys and some strepsirrhines (tarsiers, lemurs, lorisoids) exhibit critical ACE2 variations predicted to reduce viral binding.
  • Certain lemur species show predicted susceptibility levels closer to catarrhines.

Conclusions:

  • Apes, catarrhines, and some lemurs are likely highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2.
  • Conservation strategies must consider the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vulnerable primate populations.
  • Further research is needed to confirm experimental susceptibility and inform One Health initiatives.