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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 3, 2025

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field
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SHOULDER AND ELBOW INJURY RATES AND CHARACTERISTICS AMONG COLLEGIATE BASEBALL STUDENT-ATHLETES.

Kevin M Cross1, Michael McMurray1, Jay Hertel2

  • 1UVA Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Charlottesville, VA , USA.

International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
|October 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Collegiate baseball players experience decreased shoulder and elbow injury rates, though morbidity remains high. Elbow injuries lead to more surgeries and longer recovery times than shoulder injuries.

Keywords:
BaseballNCAAinjury surveillancesports injurythrowing

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Epidemiology
  • Baseball Analytics

Background:

  • Limited data exists on shoulder and elbow injuries in collegiate baseball.
  • Previous research focused on high school and professional baseball players.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report shoulder and elbow injury rates and characteristics in collegiate baseball.
  • To inform injury prevention strategies for college athletes.

Main Methods:

  • A descriptive epidemiology study using NCAA Injury Surveillance System data (2004-2014).
  • Analysis of injury rates, characteristics, and outcomes for shoulder and elbow injuries.

Main Results:

  • Shoulder injury rate: 4.02/10,000 athlete-exposures; Elbow injury rate: 2.44/10,000 athlete-exposures.
  • Injury rates decreased significantly over the decade, with higher rates during games than practices.
  • Freshmen and juniors most affected; elbow injuries had higher surgical rates (17.5%) and season-ending outcomes (28.9%) than shoulder injuries.

Conclusions:

  • Collegiate baseball shoulder and elbow injury rates have declined but still cause significant morbidity.
  • Elbow injuries result in longer recovery and more surgeries compared to shoulder injuries.
  • Further research, particularly on Division 1 competitions, is needed for targeted interventions.