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Related Concept Videos

Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

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Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
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Bacteria have global regulatory systems that control several types of stress mechanisms. These include Pho regulon and the heat shock response, which are essential systems for environmental adaptation, such as nutrient limitation and proteotoxic stress. The Pho regulon and the heat shock response exemplify bacterial resilience, enabling rapid adaptation to fluctuating environmental conditions.Pho RegulonBacteria require phosphorus for essential cellular processes, including nucleic acid...
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Stress is a multifaceted response to events perceived as challenging or threatening, highlighting physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions. Physically, stress can lead to fatigue, sleep disruptions, and various health issues such as frequent colds, chest pains, and nausea. Emotionally, it can manifest as anxiety, depression, irritability, and anger triggered by both minor and major life events. Cognitively, it may result in difficulty in concentration, memory, and...
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Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 3, 2025

Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans
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Sestrins in Physiological Stress Responses.

Myungjin Kim1, Allison H Kowalsky1, Jun Hee Lee1

  • 1Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; email: myungjin@umich.edu, leeju@umich.edu.

Annual Review of Physiology
|October 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Sestrins are stress-response proteins that help cells adapt to environmental challenges. They regulate key pathways, mediating physiological stress responses and potentially hormesis.

Keywords:
Sestrinagingcolonexercisehormesislivermuscleobesitystress response

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Stress Response

Background:

  • Sestrins are proteins activated by various environmental stresses like genotoxic, oxidative, and nutritional challenges.
  • They influence critical signaling pathways including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), insulin-AKT, and redox signaling.
  • Sestrins are implicated in cellular adaptation and maintaining tissue homeostasis under stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of sestrin proteins in mediating physiological stress responses.
  • To explore sestrin function in different tissues and stress contexts, including liver, skeletal muscle, and heart.
  • To examine the connection between sestrin activity and the concept of hormesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on sestrin function and stress response.
  • Analysis of sestrin involvement in signaling pathways (AMPK, mTOR, insulin-AKT, redox).
  • Examination of sestrin-mediated responses to nutritional, chemical, physical, and inflammatory stresses.

Main Results:

  • Sestrins modulate key signaling pathways to facilitate adaptation to diverse environmental stresses.
  • Specific examples illustrate sestrin roles in liver (nutritional/chemical stress), skeletal muscle (exercise), and heart (injury).
  • Sestrin-mediated adaptive responses align with the principles of hormesis.

Conclusions:

  • Sestrins are crucial molecular mediators of cellular and tissue adaptation to environmental stressors.
  • Their regulation of multiple signaling pathways highlights their central role in maintaining homeostasis.
  • Sestrins represent a key molecular link to understanding hormesis and its beneficial effects.