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Related Concept Videos

MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
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cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

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Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
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Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores02:26

Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores

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Plants present a rich source of nutrients for many organisms, making it a target for herbivores and infectious agents. Plants, though lacking a proper immune system, have developed an array of constitutive and inducible defenses to fend off these attacks.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 3, 2025

Bacterial Leaf Infiltration Assay for Fine Characterization of Plant Defense Responses using the Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae Pathosystem
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Sustained Incompatibility between MAPK Signaling and Pathogen Effectors.

Julien Lang1, Jean Colcombet2

  • 1Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, UEVE, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Plant Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) are crucial for immunity. This review details how MAPKs mediate Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) and how pathogens interfere with this signaling pathway.

Keywords:
ETIMitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK)PTIeffectorsphosphocodeplant pathogens

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Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Plant immunology
  • Cell signaling

Background:

  • Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) regulate plant development and stress responses.
  • Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) is a plant defense mechanism involving pathogen effector recognition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of MAPKs in plant Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI).
  • To explore how pathogen effectors manipulate MAPK signaling and how plants counteract this.
  • To discuss the sustained activation of MAPKs (MPK3/6) upon effector recognition and its implications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current knowledge on MAPKs in plant immunity.

Main Results:

  • Pathogen effectors can disrupt MAPK signaling for virulence.
  • Plants possess mechanisms to defend against effector-mediated interference.
  • Recognition of effectors leads to sustained activation of MAPKs MPK3/6, impacting downstream responses.

Conclusions:

  • Sustained MAPK activation may mediate novel ETI-specific responses.
  • Further research is needed to consolidate and expand understanding of MAPK signaling in plant immunity.