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Related Concept Videos

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In the real world, oscillations seldom follow true simple harmonic motion. A system that continues its motion indefinitely without losing its amplitude is termed undamped. However, friction of some sort usually dampens the motion, so it fades away or needs more force to continue. For example, a guitar string stops oscillating a few seconds after being plucked. Similarly, one must continually push a swing to keep a child swinging on a playground.
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Nonlinear systems often require sophisticated approaches for accurate modeling and analysis, with state-space representation being particularly effective. This method is especially useful for systems where variables and parameters vary with time or operating conditions, such as in a simple pendulum or a translational mechanical system with nonlinear springs.
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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
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The frequency-domain technique, commonly used in analyzing and designing feedback control systems, is effective for linear, time-invariant systems. However, it falls short when dealing with nonlinear, time-varying, and multiple-input multiple-output systems. The time-domain or state-space approach addresses these limitations by utilizing state variables to construct simultaneous, first-order differential equations, known as state equations, for an nth-order system.
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In mechanical engineering, one-degree-of-freedom systems form the basis of a wide range of electrical and mechanical components. Using these models, engineers can predict the behavior of various parts in a larger system, which gives them insight into how different forces interact with each other.
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Simple harmonic motion is the name given to oscillatory motion for a system where the net force can be described by Hooke's law. If the net force can be described by Hooke's law and there is no damping (by friction or other non-conservative forces), then a simple harmonic oscillator will oscillate with equal displacement on either side of the equilibrium position. To derive an equation for period and frequency, the equation of motion is used. The period of a simple harmonic oscillator is given...
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A self-powered analog sensor-data-logging device based on Fowler-Nordheim dynamical systems.

Darshit Mehta1, Kenji Aono2, Shantanu Chakrabartty3,4

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.

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This study introduces self-powered sensing using quantum tunneling, achieving ultra-low energy budgets for continuous sensor operation. The novel device enables battery-free data logging for extended periods without external power.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Continuous operation of sensor nodes necessitates ultra-low-power sensing and data-logging.
  • Conventional energy harvesting methods struggle to meet the extreme low-power demands of self-powered sensors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a self-powered sensing and data-logging technique with an unprecedentedly low energy budget.
  • To enable continuous, battery-free operation of sensor nodes by leveraging quantum phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing Fowler-Nordheim quantum tunneling to couple sensor/transducer signals into stable dynamical systems.
  • Implementing a differential architecture to mitigate environmental variations and ensure data integrity.
  • Integrating the system with a miniature piezoelectric transducer for mechanical acceleration sensing.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated self-powered sensing at an energy budget below 10 attojoules.
  • Achieved data retention for durations ranging from hours to days.
  • Successfully measured cumulative mechanical acceleration without external power.

Conclusions:

  • Directly coupling sensor signals into quantum tunneling-based dynamical systems offers a viable path to ultra-low-power, self-powered sensing.
  • The proposed device architecture compensates for environmental noise and provides long-term data retention.
  • This breakthrough enables battery-free operation for sensors in diverse applications.