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Medication-Induced Oral Hyperpigmentation: A Systematic Review.

Nada O Binmadi1, Maram Bawazir1, Nada Alhindi1

  • 1Oral Diagnostic Sciences Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Patient Preference and Adherence
|October 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Medication-induced oral hyperpigmentation, a side effect of various drugs, is more common in women and on the hard palate. Further research is needed to understand its causes and risk factors.

Keywords:
adverse reactiondrugsmedication-inducedoral hyperpigmentationsystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Oral Medicine
  • Pharmacology
  • Adverse Drug Reactions

Background:

  • Medication-induced oral hyperpigmentation affects patient quality of life.
  • The pathogenesis of drug-induced pigmentation is not fully understood.
  • This review examines the link between medications and oral/mucosal pigmentation as an adverse drug reaction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and analyze data on the causal association between medications and oral/mucosal pigmentation.
  • To identify specific drug classes associated with this adverse drug reaction.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of PubMed, Science Direct, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Scopus.
  • Inclusion of original English articles published between January 1982 and June 2020.
  • Data extraction and analysis following the PRISMA statement.

Main Results:

  • 57 articles met inclusion criteria from 235 identified.
  • Oral hyperpigmentation reported with antiviral, antibiotic, antimalarial, antifungal, antileprotic, antihypertensive, chemotherapeutic, and antineoplastic drugs.
  • Higher risk observed with antimalarials, antibiotics, antineoplastics, and chemotherapeutics; most frequent in women and on the hard palate.

Conclusions:

  • Medication-induced oral hyperpigmentation is a recognized adverse drug reaction.
  • Further research is necessary to elucidate pathogenesis and risk factors.
  • Understanding these factors will aid in patient counseling and management.