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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
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ACE2/ADAM17/TMPRSS2 Interplay May Be the Main Risk Factor for COVID-19.

Donato Zipeto1, Julys da Fonseca Palmeira2, Gustavo A Argañaraz2

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Frontiers in Immunology
|October 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 severity in elderly, comorbid males may stem from renin-angiotensin system (RAS) imbalance. Overactive ADAM17 and TMPRSS2 proteins contribute to severe inflammation and coagulation in COVID-19 patients.

Keywords:
ACE2ADAM17COVID-19 pathophysiologySARS-CoV-2TMPRSS2

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Area of Science:

  • Pathophysiology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused significant global mortality.
  • Key comorbidities include cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and chronic lung disease.
  • Severe COVID-19 outcomes are more prevalent in elderly, comorbid males.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiological roles of ACE2, ADAM17, and TMPRSS2 in COVID-19.
  • To explore mechanisms linking comorbidities and severe COVID-19.
  • To discuss the impact of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) imbalance on disease severity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on host-pathogen interactions.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms involving ACE2, ADAM17, and TMPRSS2.
  • Discussion of genetic factors influencing protein expression and activity.

Main Results:

  • Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) imbalance, mediated by ACE2 and ADAM17, is implicated in COVID-19 severity.
  • Overexpression of ADAM17 leads to increased secretion of ACE2, TNF-α, and IL-6R, promoting inflammation and coagulation.
  • TMPRSS2 expression is identified as a critical genetic factor influencing COVID-19 clinical outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • ADAM17 and TMPRSS2 over-activation may drive severe inflammatory responses and coagulation in COVID-19.
  • Understanding these host protein interactions is crucial for predicting and managing severe COVID-19.
  • Targeting these pathways could offer therapeutic strategies for high-risk patients.