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Probing ON and OFF Retinal Pathways in Glaucoma Using Electroretinography.

Alan W Kong1, Luca Della Santina1, Yvonne Ou1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

Translational Vision Science & Technology
|October 29, 2020
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Summary

Glaucoma damages retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Electroretinography (ERG) shows OFF-RGCs are more vulnerable than ON-RGCs, aiding glaucoma diagnosis and monitoring.

Keywords:
OFF pathwayON pathwayelectroretinographyglaucomaretinal ganglion cells

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease causing retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death.
  • Specific RGC types exhibit varying vulnerability in glaucoma progression.
  • Electroretinography (ERG) offers objective functional assessment of RGCs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review RGC type vulnerability in glaucoma.
  • To explore ERG's role in measuring ON- vs. OFF-pathway function.
  • To discuss novel ERG paradigms for improved diagnostics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on RGC vulnerability and ERG.
  • Analysis of ERG techniques separating ON- and OFF-pathway responses.
  • Examination of experimental glaucoma models in nonhuman primates and mice.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests ON RGCs are more resilient, while OFF RGCs are more susceptible to glaucoma.
  • ERG studies demonstrate separation of ON- and OFF-pathways using various techniques.
  • Higher temporal frequencies in ERG correlate with OFF-pathway function and show greater deficits in glaucoma models.

Conclusions:

  • OFF-RGCs appear more vulnerable in glaucoma.
  • ERG can objectively differentiate ON- and OFF-pathway dysfunction.
  • Developing novel ERG stimuli could enhance glaucoma diagnostics and monitoring.