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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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MicroRNAs in the Tumor Microenvironment.

Nitin Patil1,2, Heike Allgayer1,2, Jörg H Leupold3,4

  • 1Department of Experimental Surgery - Cancer Metastasis, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|October 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial regulators within the tumor microenvironment (TME), influencing cancer cell survival, metastasis, and interactions. Understanding miRNA roles in the TME offers potential for novel cancer therapies.

Keywords:
CAFCD4+CD8+CancerECMExosomesHypoxiaImmune checkpointMetastasisNKT-regTAMTIDCTumor microenvironmentmiRNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly impacts tumor progression, metastasis, and treatment response.
  • Key components of the TME include blood vessels, extracellular matrix, signaling molecules, exosomes, and various cell types like immune cells, cancer-associated endothelial cells (CAEs), and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs).
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs, regulate gene expression and are implicated in the complex crosstalk within the TME.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of miRNAs' roles within the TME.
  • To summarize how miRNAs mediate crosstalk between different cell populations in the TME.
  • To illustrate miRNA involvement in tumorigenesis and TME cell behavior, and discuss their clinical utility in cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on miRNAs and the TME.
  • Analysis of miRNA function in regulating gene expression (translation inhibition, mRNA stability).
  • Exploration of miRNA involvement in cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, survival, invasion, and metastasis.

Main Results:

  • MiRNAs are essential regulators of cell functions, including those critical for cancer development and metastasis.
  • MiRNAs play a vital role in the dynamic interplay between cancer cells and the TME components.
  • Deregulation of miRNA expression in TME cells significantly contributes to tumor progression and metastasis.

Conclusions:

  • MiRNAs are key players in the intricate communication network within the tumor microenvironment.
  • Understanding miRNA-mediated crosstalk is crucial for comprehending cancer development and metastatic processes.
  • MiRNAs hold significant potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.