Understanding the decline in under-18 conception rates throughout England's local authorities between 1998 and 2017

We consider England's two-decade teenage conception decline in the context of societal changes: rising educational aspirations; growing second- and third-generation teenage ethnic minority populations; increased deprivation associated with economic recession and post-2008 Government austerity; and changing housing availability. Using England's Local Authority Districts (LAD) 1998-2017, we explore the role of area characteristics in explaining spatial differences in under-18 conception rates and how changing characteristics may explain temporal changes. Urban/rural distinctions in teenage conceptions are largely minimised after considering LAD characteristics. Area characteristics continue to partly explain teenage conception rates but are better at explaining area differences than variation over time.