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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

181
Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
181
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

244
Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
244
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

273
Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
273
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

114
The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
114
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

162
AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
162
Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

235
Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
235

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 3, 2025

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
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Nephrolithiasis.

Kelley Bishop1, Tobe Momah1, Janet Ricks1

  • 1Department of Family Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.

Primary Care
|October 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) management is crucial for primary care. This article covers kidney stone causes, risks, complications, and treatment, emphasizing non-opioid options.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Urology
  • Primary Care Medicine

Background:

  • Nephrolithiasis, or kidney stones, affects the urothelial system, presenting with systemic symptoms that can become acute.
  • Primary care physicians are often the first point of contact for patients with kidney stones, necessitating effective diagnostic and management skills.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide primary care physicians with a comprehensive overview of nephrolithiasis.
  • To outline current management guidelines, including when to refer patients to specialists.
  • To discuss non-opioid treatment options in the context of the opioid epidemic.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pathogenesis, risk factors, and complications of kidney stones.
  • Synthesis of current clinical management guidelines for nephrolithiasis.
Keywords:
Calcium oxalateHematuriaKidney stoneNephrolithiasisUrolithiasis

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  • Discussion of evidence for non-opioid pain management strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • Kidney stones can cause acute systemic symptoms requiring prompt recognition.
    • Understanding risk factors aids in prevention and early detection.
    • Non-opioid analgesics are recommended for initial pain management.

    Conclusions:

    • Primary care physicians play a vital role in the initial management of nephrolithiasis.
    • Timely referral to nephrology or urology is essential for complex cases.
    • Integrating non-opioid treatments is key for safe and effective pain control.