Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Protein Transport to the Stroma01:24

Protein Transport to the Stroma

2.1K
Chloroplasts are triple membrane structures with an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a thylakoid membrane, each containing distinct metabolite transporters, membrane translocons, and enzymes. Appropriate sorting and translocating these proteins to their correct membrane systems is essential for chloroplast function.
Protein complexes called the translocon of the outer chloroplast membrane or TOC complex, and the translocon of the inner chloroplast membrane or TIC complex mediate the...
2.1K
Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane01:11

Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane

2.2K
Chloroplast outer membrane proteins encoded by the nucleus are synthesized in the cytosol. Soon after synthesis, they bind cytosolic factors such as 14-3-3 protein and the Hsp70 chaperones that keep these precursors in an unfolded state until their translocation.
Two models describe the mechanism of precursor recognition and entry across the outer membrane through the TOC complex. Model 1 suggests the newly synthesized precursor binds to the TOC receptor 159 and forms a complex.
2.2K
Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

2.3K
Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...
2.3K
Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

19.9K
Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
19.9K
Protein Transport to the Thylakoids01:22

Protein Transport to the Thylakoids

2.6K
Thylakoids are membrane-bound sac-like structures within the chloroplast that serve as sites for photosynthesis. Thylakoid lumen contains many electron transport proteins and is enclosed by a thylakoid membrane rich in the light-harvesting complex. Proteins targeted to the thylakoids are transported as precursors and are sorted by the general TOC/TIC import pathway. Once the precursor reaches the stroma, stromal processing peptidases remove their transit signal and expose thylakoid signal...
2.6K
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

5.3K
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
5.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Integrated single-cell and bulk RNA-seq analysis identifies BCAA metabolism-related prognostic signatures in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Immunobiology·2026
Same author

Double Rotational Rainbows in Collisions of Homonuclear Diatoms Stemming from Steric Charge Transfer.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the patient self-advocacy scale among colorectal cancer patients.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
Same author

Unveiling the role of CtDREB1B from safflower: enhancing plant resistance to drought and salt.

BMC plant biology·2026
Same author

Design, Synthesis, and Protective Activity against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity of Novel Water-Soluble Small-Molecule GPx Mimics.

ACS medicinal chemistry letters·2026
Same author

Social support and emotion regulation self-efficacy in nursing staff during public health emergencies: The mediating role of positive affect.

Acta psychologica·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 3, 2025

Preparation of Chloroplast Sub-compartments from Arabidopsis for the Analysis of Protein Localization by Immunoblotting or Proteomics
10:28

Preparation of Chloroplast Sub-compartments from Arabidopsis for the Analysis of Protein Localization by Immunoblotting or Proteomics

Published on: October 19, 2018

21.9K

Protein Sorting within Chloroplasts.

Xiumei Xu1, Min Ouyang2, Dandan Lu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China.

Trends in Cell Biology
|October 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reviews advances in chloroplast protein sorting, highlighting liquid-liquid phase transition (LLPT) as a novel mechanism for regulating protein trafficking and organelle biogenesis.

Keywords:
chloroplastcpTat transport pathwayliquid–liquid phase transitionprotein sorting

More Related Videos

Studying Protein Import into Chloroplasts Using Protoplasts
06:29

Studying Protein Import into Chloroplasts Using Protoplasts

Published on: December 10, 2018

10.2K
Analysis of Protein Import into Chloroplasts Isolated from Stressed Plants
10:18

Analysis of Protein Import into Chloroplasts Isolated from Stressed Plants

Published on: November 1, 2016

21.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 3, 2025

Preparation of Chloroplast Sub-compartments from Arabidopsis for the Analysis of Protein Localization by Immunoblotting or Proteomics
10:28

Preparation of Chloroplast Sub-compartments from Arabidopsis for the Analysis of Protein Localization by Immunoblotting or Proteomics

Published on: October 19, 2018

21.9K
Studying Protein Import into Chloroplasts Using Protoplasts
06:29

Studying Protein Import into Chloroplasts Using Protoplasts

Published on: December 10, 2018

10.2K
Analysis of Protein Import into Chloroplasts Isolated from Stressed Plants
10:18

Analysis of Protein Import into Chloroplasts Isolated from Stressed Plants

Published on: November 1, 2016

21.7K

Area of Science:

  • Plant cell biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Chloroplasts possess complex suborganellar membranes requiring precise protein translocation.
  • Efficient protein import and sorting are crucial for chloroplast function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To overview recent advances in chloroplast protein trafficking.
  • To discuss novel components and regulatory mechanisms in intrachloroplast sorting.
  • To explore the role of liquid-liquid phase transition (LLPT) in protein sorting.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on protein import and sorting in chloroplasts.
  • Analysis of newly identified components and regulatory mechanisms.
  • Discussion of the implications of LLPT in organelle biology.

Main Results:

  • Several new components and regulatory mechanisms for chloroplast protein import and sorting have been identified.
  • Liquid-liquid phase transition (LLPT) emerges as a novel regulatory mechanism for chloroplast protein sorting.
  • Both nuclear- and chloroplast-encoded proteins are addressed in the context of their trafficking.

Conclusions:

  • LLPT represents a potentially universal and conserved mechanism for organelle protein trafficking and biogenesis.
  • Further research into LLPT can elucidate fundamental processes in chloroplasts and other organelles.