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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Seizures: Classification01:13

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders01:27

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Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
Researchers have identified genetic factors that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia, underscoring the intricate interplay between genetics and environment in disease development. At the core of schizophrenia's pathophysiology is excessive dopaminergic neurotransmission within...
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
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Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

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Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
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Psychiatric Comorbidities in Pediatric Epilepsy.

Anjali Dagar1, Tatiana Falcone2

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Summary

Children and youth with epilepsy (CYE) experience significantly higher rates of psychiatric conditions like anxiety and depression. Early identification and management of these comorbidities are crucial for improving their quality of life.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Child Psychiatry
  • Epilepsy Research

Background:

  • Psychiatric comorbidities are nearly 5 times more prevalent in children and youth with epilepsy (CYE) than in the general population.
  • Epilepsy is a common childhood neurological disorder, making the review of associated psychiatric issues highly relevant.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of psychiatric issues in children and youth with epilepsy (CYE).
  • To highlight the prevalence, impact, and management strategies for psychiatric comorbidities in CYE.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and meta-analyses on psychiatric comorbidities in CYE.
  • Synthesis of recent evidence regarding prevalence, adverse effects of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), and intervention effectiveness.

Main Results:

  • Pooled prevalence of anxiety at 18.9% and depression at 13.5% in CYE.
  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is 2.5 to 5.5 times more common in CYE.
  • Behavioral adverse effects of AEDs can lead to discontinuation in over 10% of CYE, with up to 70% experiencing worsened psychological symptoms after initiation.

Conclusions:

  • Routine psychiatric screening in CYE clinics can identify symptoms and improve health-related quality of life (HRQOL).
  • Psychoeducation and behavioral interventions show promise for CYE.
  • Early diagnosis and management, supported by multidisciplinary teamwork, are essential for improving HRQOL in CYE.