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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) alone accounts for approximately 75...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
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Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:20

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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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Parasympathetic Division of the ANS01:08

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The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates rest and digestion functions in the body. It works in opposition to the sympathetic division, promoting relaxation, conservation of energy, and digestion. The parasympathetic division consists of preganglionic fibers originating from specific cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and the sacral spinal nerves (S2-S4). These fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons in the terminal ganglia, innervating various organs and...
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Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
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Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy01:19

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy

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The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 2, 2025

Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons
09:43

Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons

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Phrenic Nerve Involvement in Neuralgic Amyotrophy (Parsonage-Turner Syndrome).

Ellen Farr1, Dom D'Andrea2, Colin K Franz3

  • 1Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, McGaw Medical Center, Northwestern University, 355 East Erie Street, 26N (Biologics), Chicago, IL 60611, USA.

Sleep Medicine Clinics
|November 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Neuralgic amyotrophy, a rare nerve disorder, causes pain and weakness, often affecting the brachial plexus and phrenic nerve. Monitoring diaphragm function aids in managing this condition and predicting outcomes.

Keywords:
Brachial neuritisBrachial plexusDiaphragm muscleNeuralgic amyotrophyNeuromuscular respiratory weaknessParsonage-Turner syndromePhrenic nervePhrenic neuropathy

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuron Science

Background:

  • Neuralgic amyotrophy is an idiopathic peripheral neuropathy.
  • It commonly affects the brachial plexus, leading to pain and muscle weakness.
  • Phrenic nerve involvement can cause respiratory compromise.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the clinical presentation and management of neuralgic amyotrophy.
  • To highlight the importance of diaphragm function monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of neuralgic amyotrophy cases.
  • Analysis of diagnostic methods including spirometry and ultrasound.
  • Review of treatment strategies, including noninvasive ventilation.

Main Results:

  • Neuralgic amyotrophy presents with heterogeneous symptoms, including pain and weakness.
  • Phrenic mononeuropathy is a recognized complication.
  • Nocturnal noninvasive ventilation is a primary treatment for respiratory impairment.

Conclusions:

  • Regular monitoring of diaphragm function is crucial for prognosis.
  • Spirometry and diaphragm ultrasound aid in clinical decision-making for neuralgic amyotrophy patients.