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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 2, 2025

Simultaneous Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Simultaneous Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Aspects of Technical

Elisabeth C Caparelli¹, Tianye Zhai¹, Yihong Yang¹

¹Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.

Frontiers in Neuroscience

|November 2, 2020

Summary

Simultaneous transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional MRI (fMRI) can monitor brain activity. This study identifies optimal settings, including axial imaging and a 100 ms interval, to prevent artifacts in 3-T MRI scanners.

Keywords:

echo-planar imaging functional magnetic resonance imaging image artifact radio frequency coil temporal signal-to-noise ratio transcranial magnetic stimulation

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Simultaneous Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Medical Imaging
Biophysics

Background:

Simultaneous transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful non-invasive technique for studying brain circuits.
Technical challenges, including radiofrequency (rf) coil selection and TMS-induced artifacts, must be addressed for optimal data acquisition.
Artifacts can compromise the integrity of fMRI data, limiting the utility of this combined approach.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate technical issues in combined TMS-fMRI setups.
To optimize parameters for artifact reduction in 3-Tesla (3-T) MRI scanners.
To ensure high-quality neuroimaging data during concurrent TMS-fMRI.

Main Methods:

Utilized a large single-channel radio frequency (rf) coil for TMS-fMRI acquisition.
Investigated TMS-induced artifacts within the echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence.
Employed axial imaging orientation and varied the interval between TMS pulse and image acquisition.

Main Results:

Achieved good image quality using the specified rf coil.
Demonstrated that a 100 ms interval between TMS pulse and imaging acquisition effectively eliminates artifacts.
Confirmed that axial imaging orientation is suitable for minimizing TMS-related image distortions.

Conclusions:

The combined TMS-fMRI technique is feasible with careful technical consideration.
Axial imaging and a 100 ms TMS-fMRI interval are effective strategies for artifact mitigation.
This optimized approach enables reliable non-invasive brain stimulation and monitoring.