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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

7.3K
The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Introduction to Virus01:28

Introduction to Virus

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Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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Subviral Agents01:29

Subviral Agents

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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

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Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 2, 2025

Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection
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In the Crosshairs: RNA Viruses OR Complement?

Nisha Asok Kumar1,2, Umerali Kunnakkadan1,3, Sabu Thomas4

  • 1Viral Disease Biology, Department of Pathogen Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.

Frontiers in Immunology
|November 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RNA viruses interact with the complement system, a key immune defense. Viruses employ strategies to evade or manipulate complement, impacting disease severity and host resistance.

Keywords:
RNA virusescomplement activationcomplement regulatorsviral evasion strategiesvirus neutralization

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The complement system is crucial for innate immunity against pathogens, including RNA viruses.
  • RNA viruses significantly contribute to global viral infection morbidity and mortality.
  • Host-virus interactions with complement influence disease outcomes, ranging from neutralization to pathogenesis exacerbation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex interactions between RNA viruses and the complement system.
  • To highlight viral strategies for evading or manipulating complement-mediated immunity.
  • To understand how these interactions affect host resistance and viral pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on RNA virus-complement interactions.
  • Analysis of viral mechanisms for modulating complement activation and regulation.
  • Examination of host gene modulation and complement regulatory protein recruitment by viruses.

Main Results:

  • Many RNA viruses activate complement, leading to neutralization, but some exacerbate pathogenesis.
  • RNA viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to restrict complement activation, similar to DNA viruses.
  • These strategies include down-regulating complement components (C3, C4) and up-regulating regulatory proteins.
  • Enveloped RNA viruses can recruit membrane-associated regulators of complement activation (RCAs).

Conclusions:

  • RNA viruses exhibit diverse strategies to control complement, influencing disease severity.
  • Viral "hijacking" of host immune crosstalk is a key mechanism in RNA virus pathogenesis.
  • Understanding these interactions is vital for developing antiviral therapies targeting complement evasion.