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The Extracellular Matrix01:29

The Extracellular Matrix

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In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, the molecules in the ECM maintain the structural integrity of tissue as well as the remarkable specific properties of certain tissues.
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Unlike epithelial tissue, which is composed of cells closely packed with little or no extracellular space in between, connective tissue cells are dispersed in a matrix. This extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of fibrous proteins like collagen, elastin, and fibronectin in a ground substance consisting of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans. The proteoglycans form a gel-like material in the spaces between cells and provide hydration, buffering, binding, and force...
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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
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Studying Normal Tissue Radiation Effects using Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels
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Radiation Effects on Brain Extracellular Matrix.

Elvira V Grigorieva1,2

  • 1Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.

Frontiers in Oncology
|November 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) may fail due to radiation-induced damage to the brain extracellular matrix (ECM), creating a niche for tumor regrowth. Understanding these ECM changes is key to improving GBM treatment outcomes.

Keywords:
brain irradiationchondroitin sulfateextracellular matrixglioblastoma radiotherapyheparan sulfateheparanasemetalloproteinaseproteoglycan expression

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Radiotherapy
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain cancer with high recurrence rates despite treatment.
  • Radiotherapy is a primary treatment, but its efficacy is challenged by side effects on surrounding brain tissue.
  • Radiation-induced damage to the brain's extracellular matrix (ECM) may promote tumor recurrence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on radiation effects on brain ECM components.
  • To explore how ECM alterations might influence GBM recurrence after radiotherapy.
  • To identify potential strategies for improving anti-glioblastoma radiotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on radiation effects on brain ECM.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms of radiation-induced ECM changes.
  • Synthesis of information on ECM components like proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins.

Main Results:

  • Radiation can alter the composition and structure of the brain ECM.
  • These alterations may create a microenvironment conducive to glioma cell proliferation and invasion.
  • Specific ECM components and modifying enzymes are affected by irradiation.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding radiation-induced ECM changes is crucial for optimizing glioblastoma radiotherapy.
  • Balancing antitumor effects with ECM-protective strategies may improve treatment outcomes.
  • Further research into ECM modulation could lead to novel therapeutic approaches for GBM.