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Related Concept Videos

Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

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The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements....
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 2, 2025

Evaluation of Hemisphere Lateralization with Bilateral Local Field Potential Recording in Secondary Motor Cortex of Mice
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The Quest for Hemispheric Asymmetries Supporting and Predicting Executive Functioning.

Antonino Vallesi1,2

  • 1University of Padova.

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
|November 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This review explores the brain

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuropsychology

Background:

  • Executive functions, including criterion setting and monitoring, are crucial for goal-directed behavior.
  • The ROtman-Baycrest Battery to Investigate Attention (ROBBIA) model proposes distinct neural bases for these functions.
  • Previous research suggests lateral prefrontal regions are differentially involved.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the neural underpinnings of criterion setting and monitoring.
  • To examine the hemispheric lateralization of these executive functions.
  • To discuss the empirical support and limitations of the ROBBIA model.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of existing literature.
  • Synthesis of findings from functional neuroimaging, EEG, and neuropsychological studies.

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  • Inclusion of individual difference and neurostimulation approaches.

    • Main Results:

    • Criterion setting and monitoring show a tendency to recruit distinct left and right lateral prefrontal networks.
    • Multimodal evidence corroborates the hemispheric functional mapping predicted by the ROBBIA model.
    • Electrophysiological data indicate prefrontal dynamics predict cognitive performance.

    Conclusions:

    • The ROBBIA model provides a framework for understanding the neural bases of executive functions.
    • Hemispheric specialization in prefrontal cortex plays a key role in cognitive control.
    • Further research can refine the model and expand its applications.