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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 2, 2025

Expansion and Enrichment of Gamma-Delta γδ T Cells from Apheresed Human Product
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Expansion and Enrichment of Gamma-Delta γδ T Cells from Apheresed Human Product

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Diversity in recognition and function of human γδ T cells.

Caitlin D Castro1, Christopher T Boughter1,2, Augusta E Broughton1,3

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.

Immunological Reviews
|November 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Gamma delta (γδ) T cells are crucial tissue-resident immune cells with unique antigen recognition. Understanding their distinct human characteristics is key for therapeutic applications.

Keywords:
CD1human γδ T cellsligandphosphoantigenstructuretissue resident

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Last Updated: Dec 2, 2025

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Isolation and Ex Vivo Culture of Vδ1+CD4+γδ T Cells, an Extrathymic αβT-cell Progenitor
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Isolation and Ex Vivo Culture of Vδ1+CD4+γδ T Cells, an Extrathymic αβT-cell Progenitor

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Human Health and Disease

Background:

  • Increasing interest in tissue-resident cells for health and disease.
  • Gamma delta (γδ) T cells are prevalent in peripheral tissues with sentinel-like phenotypes.
  • γδ T cells possess unique antigen recognition capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the distinctive characteristics of human γδ T cells.
  • To highlight differences between human γδ T cells and their αβ T cell counterparts.
  • To compare human γδ T cell populations with those found in mice.

Main Methods:

  • Review of identified antigens regulating human Vδ1 T cell populations.
  • Discussion of signaling pathways for phosphoantigen recognition by human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells.
  • Brief review of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, coreceptor/costimulatory molecule usage, and development.

Main Results:

  • Detailed examination of human γδ T cell antigen recognition, function, and development.
  • Elucidation of specific antigens and signaling molecules involved in human γδ T cell activation.
  • Identification of key differences between human and mouse γδ T cell populations.

Conclusions:

  • Human γδ T cells exhibit unique features in antigen recognition, signaling, and development compared to αβ T cells and mouse γδ T cells.
  • These cells hold significant potential for clinical applications.
  • A thorough understanding of their distinct capabilities is crucial before clinical harnessing.