Additive Engineering by Bifunctional Guanidine Sulfamate for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskites Solar Cells

High efficiency and good stability are the challenges for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) toward commercialization. However, the intrinsic high defect density and internal nonradiative recombination of perovskite (PVK) limit its development. In this work, a facile additive strategy is devised by introducing bifunctional guanidine sulfamate (GuaSM; CH₆ N₃ ⁺ , Gua⁺ ; H₂ N-SO₃ ^- , SM^- ) into PVK. The size of Gua⁺ ion is suitable with Pb(BrI)₂ cavity relatively, so it can participate in the formation of low-dimensional PVK when mixed with Pb(BrI)₂ . The O and N atoms of SM^- can coordinate with Pb²⁺ . The synergistic effect of the anions and cations effectively reduces the trap density and the recombination in PVK, so that it can improve the efficiency and stability of PSCs. At an optimal concentration of GuaSM (2 mol%), the PSC presents a champion power conversion efficiency of 21.66% and a remarkably improved stability and hysteresis. The results provide a novel strategy for highly efficient and stable PSCs by bifunctional additive.