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Cognitive therapy is a psychological approach designed to address distortions in thinking, which can lead to negative emotions and unrealistic beliefs. These cognitive distortions often influence how individuals interpret and respond to situations, exacerbating emotional distress. Below are some prevalent cognitive distortions, their characteristics, and examples of how they manifest in thought processes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 2, 2025

Author Spotlight: Unveiling the Connection Between Sleep Disorders and Cognitive Symptoms in Depression
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Self-reported cognitive biases in depression: A meta-analysis.

Inés Nieto1, Elena Robles1, Carmelo Vazquez1

  • 1Department of Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.

Clinical Psychology Review
|November 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This meta-analysis confirms that cognitive biases, specifically catastrophizing and interpretation bias, are significantly linked to depression. These findings support the use of self-report measures for cognitive biases in depression research.

Keywords:
CatastrophizingCognitive biasCognitive modelDepressionInterpretation bias

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Beck's cognitive models suggest cognitive biases contribute to depression.
  • Empirical investigation into the magnitude of these specific biases has been limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate the presence and magnitude of specific cognitive biases in depression.
  • To evaluate the utility of self-reported measures for cognitive biases.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search in PsycInfo and PubMed.
  • Two meta-analyses were conducted on data from 4865 and 4678 participants, respectively.
  • Moderation analyses explored factors influencing the bias-depression relationship.

Main Results:

  • A significant association was found between catastrophizing and depression (g = 0.95).
  • Interpretation bias was also significantly linked to depression (g = 0.78).
  • Specific demographic and methodological factors moderated these relationships.

Conclusions:

  • Self-reported measures of cognitive biases demonstrate utility in depression research.
  • The findings support the role of cognitive biases in the development and maintenance of depression.