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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

5.9K
Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
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Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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Carrier Transport01:21

Carrier Transport

767
The generation of electrical current in semiconductors is fundamentally driven by two mechanisms: drift and diffusion. These processes are essential for the functionality and performance of semiconductor-based devices.
Drift Current:
The drift of charge carriers is started by an external electric field (E). Charged particles, such as electrons and holes, experience an acceleration between collisions with lattice atoms. For electrons, this results in a drift velocity (vd) given by:
767
Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

30.7K
Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 2, 2025

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

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Classification of drying segregation states by a generalized diffusion model.

Rei Tatsumi1, Osamu Koike2, Yukio Yamaguchi2

  • 1Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|November 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

During drying, one component in binary colloidal mixtures can segregate to the top. This study analyzes a generalized diffusion model to predict and control particle segregation based on mixture ratios and drying rates.

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The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow
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Single-Molecule Tracking Microscopy - A Tool for Determining the Diffusive States of Cytosolic Molecules
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The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow
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Area of Science:

  • Colloid science
  • Materials science
  • Chemical engineering

Background:

  • Colloidal mixtures are widely used in various applications.
  • Particle segregation during drying can alter material properties.
  • Understanding segregation mechanisms is crucial for material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the conditions leading to particle segregation in binary colloidal mixtures during drying.
  • To develop a predictive model for colloidal segregation.
  • To identify parameters that control the segregation process.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a linearized diffusion model generalized for binary colloidal mixtures.
  • Incorporation of cross-diffusion terms to account for interactions between particle components.
  • Derivation of analytical solutions to the diffusion model.
  • Classification of segregation states using state diagrams based on key variables.

Main Results:

  • The study presents the simplest model incorporating cross-diffusion to describe segregation.
  • Analytical solutions classify segregation states based on mixture ratio, diffusion coefficients, and drying rates.
  • State diagrams are generated to visualize segregation behavior.
  • The model successfully predicts which particle component segregates under different conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The developed diffusion model provides insights into colloidal segregation during drying.
  • Material and operational conditions can be designed to control particle segregation.
  • The findings offer a pathway for tailoring the properties of dried colloidal materials.