Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Neurulation

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...

Language and Cognition

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...

Intellectual Disability

Intellectual Disability

Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Real-world use of Cenobamate in pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy: A European multicenter retrospective study.

Epilepsia open·2026

Same author

Epilepsy surgery in pediatric patients with complex COL4A1/2-associated epilepsy.

Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape·2026

Same author

Risdiplam Add-On Therapy Following Onasemnogene Abeparvovec in Children With Spinal Muscular Atrophy and 2 SMN2 Copies: A Multi-Center Case Series.

Muscle & nerve·2026

Same author

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): Risk management of pediatric patients with epilepsy.

Epilepsia open·2026

Same author

Neural correlates and reinstatement of recent and remote memory in children and young adults.

eLife·2025

Same author

Drosophila melanogaster as a rapid in vivo assay system for preclinical anti-seizure medication testing.

Epilepsia open·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 2, 2025

A Battery of Motor Tests in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy

A Battery of Motor Tests in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy

Published on: November 3, 2016

Brain malformations and cognitive performance in spina bifida.

Joanna Schneider^1,2,3, Naomi Mohr^1,2, Niko Aliatakis^1,2

¹Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology

|November 3, 2020

Summary

Spina bifida aperta (SBA) is linked to more brain malformations and lower cognitive function than spina bifida occulta (SBO). Specific brain abnormalities correlate with impaired cognitive abilities in SBA patients.

More Related Videos

Use of an Eight-arm Radial Water Maze to Assess Working and Reference Memory Following Neonatal Brain Injury

Use of an Eight-arm Radial Water Maze to Assess Working and Reference Memory Following Neonatal Brain Injury

Published on: December 4, 2013

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 2, 2025

A Battery of Motor Tests in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy

A Battery of Motor Tests in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Cerebral Palsy

Published on: November 3, 2016

Use of an Eight-arm Radial Water Maze to Assess Working and Reference Memory Following Neonatal Brain Injury

Use of an Eight-arm Radial Water Maze to Assess Working and Reference Memory Following Neonatal Brain Injury

Published on: December 4, 2013

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Radiology
Developmental Biology

Background:

Spina bifida is a complex birth defect with varying clinical presentations.
Understanding the radiological features and their cognitive correlates is crucial for patient management.
Distinguishing between spina bifida aperta (SBA) and spina bifida occulta (SBO) is important for prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically characterize radiological features in patients with spina bifida.
To investigate the relationship between radiological findings and cognitive function.
To compare these features and outcomes between SBA and SBO.

Main Methods:

Retrospective study of 265 patients with spina bifida (SBA n=206, SBO n=59).
Radiological phenotype assessed via MRI in 230 patients.
Cognitive function evaluated using KABC or WISC-IV/WAIS-IV in 126 patients.

Main Results:

Brain malformations were consistently present in SBA but rare in SBO.
Common malformations in SBA included abnormal corpus callosum (69%), hypoplastic pons (50%), and hypoplastic mesencephalon (20%).
Cognitive total IQ scores were below average in 44-49% of SBA patients, versus average or above in SBO patients. Stenogyria, pons, and mesencephalon hypoplasia correlated with lower IQ and verbal comprehension.

Conclusions:

Brain malformations are more frequent in SBA than SBO, correlating with cognitive impairments.
Cognitive deficits, including verbal competence, perceptual reasoning, and working memory, are more prevalent in SBA.
Findings highlight the association between specific brain abnormalities (hydrocephalus, stenogyria, midbrain, corpus callosum) and lower cognitive function, impacting prenatal counseling.