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Related Concept Videos

Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Introduction01:41

Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Introduction

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Carboxylic acids possess an acidic –COOH functional group. The acidity can be attributed to the resonance stabilization of their conjugate base, wherein the negative charge is delocalized over both oxygen atoms.
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Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

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Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic...
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Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

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Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
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Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

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Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 2, 2025

Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate CDAP
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Acid site-regulated solid acids for polysaccharide Se-functionalization: Structural explanations for high reactivity.

Shengyong Zhu1, Yaxu Sun1, Yue Jia1

  • 1College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China.

Carbohydrate Polymers
|November 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Solid acids efficiently functionalize polysaccharides with selenium, significantly increasing selenium content. This novel method improves reaction efficiency and promotes greener chemistry for polysaccharide resource development.

Keywords:
Artemisia sphaerocephala polysaccharideSe-functionalizationSolid acid catalyst

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Green Chemistry
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Polysaccharide functionalization is crucial for developing new materials.
  • Conventional selenium functionalization methods often lack efficiency and environmental friendliness.
  • Solid acids offer tunable properties for catalytic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate acid site-regulated solid acids for polysaccharide Se-functionalization.
  • To enhance reaction efficiency and achieve environmentally friendly chemistry.
  • To explore the potential of solid acids in polysaccharide modification.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of MxOy/HZSM-5 catalysts with controlled acidity.
  • Application of these solid acids in the Se-functionalization of polysaccharides.
  • Analysis of catalyst structure, surface area, pore properties, and acidity.
  • Quantification of selenium content in functionalized polysaccharides.

Main Results:

  • The MxOy/HZSM-5 catalysts exhibited desirable structural and acidic properties.
  • Se-functionalization efficiency was significantly improved, with selenium content reaching 15,170.49 μg/g compared to 1703 μg/g for conventional methods.
  • Strong Lewis and Brønsted acid sites facilitated the process without deleting main monosaccharide components.

Conclusions:

  • Acid site-regulated solid acids are effective for polysaccharide Se-functionalization.
  • This approach offers a greener and more efficient alternative to conventional methods.
  • The findings contribute to the understanding and development of polysaccharide resources.