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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Atherosclerosis I: Introduction01:30

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...
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Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Atherosclerosis III: Management01:26

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Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 2, 2025

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
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Thyroid Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis: A Systematic Review.

Anna-Maria Papadopoulou1, Nikolaos Bakogiannis1, Ioanna Skrapari2

  • 1First Department of Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece.

In Vivo (Athens, Greece)
|November 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid dysfunction is linked to atherosclerosis, a condition affecting arteries. Levothyroxine (L-T4) replacement therapy may reduce arterial wall thickness in patients with thyroid disorders.

Keywords:
Subclinical hypothyroidismatherosclerosiscarotid arterycarotid intima-media thicknesslevothyroxinereviewthyroid disorders

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid dysfunction (hypo- and hyperthyroidism) is associated with cardiovascular disease.
  • Atherosclerosis, a key contributor to cardiovascular events, is a primary focus of this research.
  • Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) is a common marker for atherosclerosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the association between thyroid dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
  • To determine if levothyroxine (L-T4) replacement therapy can reverse or slow atherosclerosis progression.
  • To synthesize current evidence on thyroid disorders and arterial wall changes.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
  • Literature search conducted on PubMed (May 2004 - January 2020).
  • Keywords included 'subclinical hypothyroidism', 'thyroid disorders', 'carotid artery', 'IMT', 'levothyroxine', and 'atherosclerosis'.

Main Results:

  • Twenty-six studies involving 36,434 patients were included.
  • A proportional correlation was observed between IMT and thyroid dysfunction.
  • Levothyroxine (L-T4) replacement therapy significantly decreased IMT in most studies after one year.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid dysfunction is linked to arterial wall remodeling and increased cardiovascular risk.
  • The precise mechanisms underlying pathological arterial changes in thyroid dysfunction require further investigation.
  • Large randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the benefits of T4 replacement therapy for subclinical thyroid disorders.