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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

128.9K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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Valence Bond Theory02:45

Valence Bond Theory

45.8K
Overview of Valence Bond Theory
45.8K
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

10.4K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character02:48

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

33.7K
Bond Polarity
33.7K
Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures02:46

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

58.9K
Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual attraction of atoms for a “shared” pair of electrons.
58.9K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 2, 2025

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

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Theoretical, Solid-State, and Solution Quantification of the Hydrogen Bond-Enhanced Halogen Bond.

Daniel A Decato1, Asia Marie S Riel1, James H May1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|November 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces the Hydrogen Bond-Enhanced Halogen Bond (HBeXB), a strengthened halogen bond. Experimental and theoretical data show HBeXBs offer enhanced binding interactions, crucial for understanding molecular forces.

Keywords:
bond theoryhalogen bondshydrogen bondsnoncovalent cooperativitysupramolecular chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Chemical Physics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Noncovalent forces are fundamental in natural systems.
  • Understanding the interplay of proximal forces like hydrogen and halogen bonds is critical.
  • Previous studies lacked experimental quantification of synergistic effects between hydrogen and halogen bonds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally quantify the Hydrogen Bond-Enhanced Halogen Bond (HBeXB) phenomenon.
  • To investigate the influence of hydrogen bond donors on halogen bond strength.
  • To provide a foundational understanding of HBeXBs independent of complex biological structures.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical calculations to predict the influence of hydrogen bond donors on halogen bond strength.
  • X-ray crystallography to analyze the structural characteristics of HBeXBs in halide complexes (Br-, I-).
  • 19F NMR titrations to experimentally measure binding affinities in HBeXB analogues.

Main Results:

  • Theoretical studies indicate electron-rich halogen bond donors and stronger hydrogen bond donors maximally enhance halogen bonds.
  • X-ray structures reveal HBeXBs result in shorter halogen bonds compared to analogues lacking hydrogen bonding.
  • 19F NMR titrations demonstrate significantly stronger binding for the HBeXB analogue with chloride.

Conclusions:

  • The study experimentally validates the existence and strengthening effect of Hydrogen Bond-Enhanced Halogen Bonds (HBeXBs).
  • HBeXBs exhibit enhanced binding properties, offering shorter bond lengths and stronger interactions.
  • These findings establish a basis for future research into the synergistic effects of proximate hydrogen and halogen bonds.