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Related Concept Videos

Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
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Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Halides02:48

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This lesson delves into the conversion of alcohols to corresponding alkyl halides and the mechanism of action for different reagents. Typically, the hydroxyl group is first protonated to convert it to a stable leaving group. Consequently, based on the starting alcohol, the mechanism undergoes either of the nucleophilic substitution routes, SN1 or SN2. Tertiary alkyl halides are made using the two-step SN1 mechanism that occurs via a carbocation intermediate, which is stabilized by...
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Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions01:38

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Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group.  The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2,  depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
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Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis01:12

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Alcoholysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which an alcohol functions as a nucleophile. Acid halides react with alcohol to produce esters. The mechanism proceeds in three steps:
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Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

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Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
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Related Experiment Video

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Assessment of Social Interaction Behaviors
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Disulfiram Ethanol Reaction with Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizer: An Exploratory Study.

Abhishek Ghosh1, Tathagata Mahintamani1, Y P S Balhara2

  • 1Drug De-Addiction and Treatment CentreDepartment of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.

Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire)
|November 5, 2020
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Summary

Patients on disulfiram may experience reactions from alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Advise patients to use alternative hand hygiene methods to avoid disulfiram ethanol reactions and isopropanol toxicity.

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Area of Science:

  • Addiction Medicine
  • Toxicology
  • Infectious Disease Control

Background:

  • Alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHRs) are widely used, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Patients with alcohol use disorders on disulfiram medication are at risk for adverse reactions when using ABHRs containing ethanol or isopropanol.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the prevalence and clinical manifestations of disulfiram ethanol reaction (DER) and isopropanol toxicity (IT) in patients on disulfiram.
  • To assess the safety of alcohol-based hand sanitizers in this patient population.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional survey was conducted telephonically with 339 patients prescribed disulfiram.
  • The assessment focused on the 3-month period from March to June 2020.

Main Results:

  • Among 82 patients adherent to disulfiram, 42 used ABHRs.
  • Eight patients (19%) showed symptoms of DER, with four also exhibiting IT.
  • Three patients (37.5%) experienced severe reactions, linked to higher sanitizer exposure, moist skin, or inhalation.

Conclusions:

  • Patients on disulfiram should be cautioned about potential reactions from alcohol-based hand sanitizers.
  • Alternative hand hygiene methods are recommended for individuals taking disulfiram.