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Related Concept Videos

Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Cancer Prevention02:59

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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
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Such genes that act...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Using Microarrays to Interrogate Microenvironmental Impact on Cellular Phenotypes in Cancer
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Impact of Gene-Environment Interactions on Cancer Development.

Ariane Mbemi1,2, Sunali Khanna3, Sylvianne Njiki1,2

  • 1NIH/NIMHD RCMI-Center for Health Disparities Research, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box 18750, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Gene-environment interactions significantly influence human disease risk, particularly for cancers. Understanding these combined effects is crucial for disease prevention and treatment strategies.

Keywords:
environmental exposuresgenesgene–environment interactionshuman cancers

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Environmental Health
  • Cancer Epidemiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Human diseases arise from genetic factors, environmental exposures, and their interactions.
  • Genetic polymorphisms, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), are implicated in disease susceptibility.
  • Somatic mutations from environmental stressors contribute to genetic variations linked to chronic illnesses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the nature of gene-environment interactions.
  • To discuss the role of gene-environment interactions in human cancers.
  • To highlight specific cancer types including lung, colorectal, bladder, breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological and experimental studies.
  • Analysis of scientific evidence on gene-environment interactions.
  • Synthesis of research findings on disease etiology and susceptibility.

Main Results:

  • Gene-environment interactions are key determinants of human disease incidence and prevalence.
  • Specific allelic variants interacting with environmental factors modulate disease susceptibility.
  • Combined genetic and environmental effects are central to the etiology of many chronic illnesses.

Conclusions:

  • Gene-environment interactions play a critical role in the development of various human cancers.
  • Understanding these interactions is vital for advancing cancer research and public health.
  • Further investigation into gene-environment interplay can lead to targeted prevention and therapeutic strategies.