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Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

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Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...
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Conjugated Proteins02:50

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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 2, 2025

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection
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Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection

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Versatile and multivalent nanobodies efficiently neutralize SARS-CoV-2.

Yufei Xiang1, Sham Nambulli2,3, Zhengyun Xiao1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|November 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed potent nanobodies (Nbs) against SARS-CoV-2. These nanobodies neutralize the virus effectively, can be mass-produced, and show promise for combating COVID-19.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic necessitates the development of effective and affordable therapeutics.
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a significant global health challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize potent neutralizing nanobodies (Nbs) targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD).
  • To engineer enhanced nanobody constructs for improved therapeutic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Camelid immunization and proteomics were employed to discover nanobodies.
  • Structural proteomics and integrative modeling were used to analyze nanobody-epitope interactions.
  • Bioengineering of multivalent nanobody constructs was performed.

Main Results:

  • Identification of nanobodies with picomolar to femtomolar affinities, inhibiting viral infection at nanogram-per-milliliter concentrations.
  • Structural analysis revealed distinct epitopes and potential neutralization mechanisms.
  • Engineered multivalent nanobody constructs demonstrated ultrahigh neutralization potency (IC50 as low as 0.058 ng/ml) and potential to overcome mutational escape.
  • Nanobodies exhibited thermostability, resistance to lyophilization and aerosolization, and potential for bulk microbial production.

Conclusions:

  • Camelid-derived nanobodies are highly effective neutralizing agents against SARS-CoV-2.
  • Engineered nanobody constructs offer a promising therapeutic strategy with high potency and stability.
  • The developed nanobodies are suitable for rapid, large-scale production and potential therapeutic applications.