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Related Concept Videos

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:13

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

4.9K
Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom,...
4.9K
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

2.1K
The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
2.1K
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

3.4K
Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
Due to the absence of continuous...
3.4K
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

2.7K
Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
2.7K
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

2.3K
The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
2.3K
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

3.5K
Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group...
3.5K

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Using Cyclic Voltammetry, UV-Vis-NIR, and EPR Spectroelectrochemistry to Analyze Organic Compounds
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Using Cyclic Voltammetry, UV-Vis-NIR, and EPR Spectroelectrochemistry to Analyze Organic Compounds

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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Occurrence, Electroanalysis, Challenges, and Future Outlooks.

Putri Nur Syafieqah Zainal1, Shahrul Ainliah Alang Ahmad1,2, Siti Fatimah Nur Abdul Aziz1

  • 1Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.

Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry
|November 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental contaminants. Electroanalytical methods offer a sensitive and effective approach for detecting PAHs in water, surpassing traditional techniques.

Keywords:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsand chemically-modified electrodeselectrochemical sensorvoltammetric analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Growing concern over the widespread distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental matrices.
  • Toxicological data highlight the persistence and potential toxicity of PAHs, posing a global environmental challenge.
  • Traditional analytical techniques for PAH determination face limitations in sensitivity and efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the current literature on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), focusing on their occurrence.
  • To present recent advancements in electrochemical sensors for PAH determination.
  • To outline the challenges and future prospects in the field of electrochemical PAH analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of studies on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
  • Focus on electroanalytical methods for PAH determination in environmental samples.
  • Analysis of recent developments in electrochemical sensor technology for PAHs.

Main Results:

  • Electroanalytical methods demonstrate high effectiveness for PAH determination in environmental waters.
  • These methods show superiority over chromatography, spectrophotometry, fluorescence, and capillary electrophoresis.
  • The review highlights significant progress in electrochemical sensor development for PAHs.

Conclusions:

  • Electroanalytical methods are a powerful tool for monitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment.
  • Continued development of electrochemical sensors is crucial for addressing the challenges of PAH detection.
  • Future research should focus on enhancing sensor selectivity, sensitivity, and real-world applicability for PAHs.