Biotemplate-Mediated Green Synthesis and Applications of Nanomaterials

Green synthesis, an emerging field in bionanotechnology, refers to the utilization of non-toxic, biologically safe, and eco-friendly substances for the synthesis of desired materials. It provides both economic and environmental benefits along with simple, cost-effective, and reproducible synthesis approaches that result in the development of stable materials. The green synthesis approaches use living biotemplates, including plants and different microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, and actinomycetes. The various metabolites present in different parts of the plants, such as leaves, fruits, seeds, flower, and others, serve as the reducing and stabilizing agents. At the same time, the diverse surface chemistry of microorganisms enables them to convert different substrates into a variety of nanomaterials. This review briefly describes the concept of 'green synthesis' and provides an overview of controlled and green synthesis of nanomaterials using the plants and microbial cells as biotemplates. It also discusses the effect of different reaction conditions such as temperature, pH, reaction time, precursor concentration, and the post-synthesis processing of nanoparticles (NPs) on the material properties. It further describes the applications of different NPs in pharmaceutical and environment sectors by considering their diverse antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, antimalarial, reduction, and catalytic properties. Finally, it describes various future perspectives of nanomaterials to broaden the understanding of their synthesis mechanism and expand their applications to other fields.