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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data01:23

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data

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A thorough health history and physical assessment are essential for identifying cardiovascular disease (CVD) symptoms and distinguishing them from other health issues.
Initial Enquiry
Ask the patient about their primary concern and thoroughly explore all reported symptoms.
Medical History
Investigate past illnesses affecting the cardiovascular system, such as angina, anemia, rheumatic fever, congenital heart disease, stroke, thrombophlebitis, dysrhythmias, varicosities
Inquire about symptoms...
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Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease01:27

Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease

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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
A key area of focus in PNI is the relationship between stress and coronary...
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Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure01:17

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Endocrinal or hormonal intervention in the cardiovascular system is predominantly exerted by the catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine, as well as a slew of hormones that interact with renal function to modulate blood volume.
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, catecholamines that enhance and extend the sympathetic or "fight or flight" physiological response. These hormones escalate heart rate and the force of contraction...
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Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management01:22

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

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IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 1, 2025

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Cardiovascular Changes in Menopause.

Anjana R Nair1, Aiswarya J Pillai2, Nandini Nair3

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, TTUHSC Transmountain Campus, El Paso, TX 79911, United States.

Current Cardiology Reviews
|November 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Menopause accelerates cardiovascular aging due to metabolic changes like dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. This review examines menopause-related cardiovascular changes and treatments.

Keywords:
Dyslipidemiacardiovascular aging.endothelial dysfunctionmenopausemetabolic syndromeoxidative stress

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Reproductive Endocrinology

Background:

  • Menopause is linked to cardiovascular aging.
  • Cardiac disease effects are multifaceted, impacting endothelial function, coronary physiology, and metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review cardiovascular physiological changes during menopause.
  • To identify current therapies for cardiovascular manifestations of menopause.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review (1986-2019).
  • Databases searched: PubMed and Google Scholar.
  • Focused on cardiovascular physiology changes and therapies in menopause.

Main Results:

  • Menopause-associated metabolic factors (dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hypertension) accelerate cardiovascular aging.
  • Atherosclerosis results from risk factor interaction, heightened during perimenopause.
  • Oxidative stress and L-arginine/ADMA levels influence endothelial dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Menopause exacerbates cardiovascular risk through physiological changes affecting peripheral, cardiac, and cerebrovascular systems.
  • Review highlights differential effects of menopause on cardiovascular disease at subclinical, biochemical, and molecular levels.