Optical Biosensors for the Detection of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Biomarkers: A Comprehensive Review

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Analytical Chemistry
• Immunology

Background:

• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis relies on detecting specific biomarkers.
• Current detection methods may lack sensitivity or specificity.
• A need exists for advanced tools to monitor RA progression and treatment efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively review optical biosensors for RA biomarker detection.
• To elucidate the connection between various RA biomarkers and optical sensing mechanisms.
• To provide a consolidated resource for researchers in the field.

Main Methods:

• Review of scientific literature on optical biosensors and RA biomarkers.
• Analysis of biosensor types including fluorescence, plasmon resonance, interferometry, and SERS.
• Evaluation of biomarker performance metrics like limit of detection (LOD) and dynamic range.

Main Results:

• Identified key RA biomarkers: microRNAs (miRNAs), C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and histidine.
• Detailed various optical biosensor platforms and their detection capabilities for these biomarkers.
• Highlighted the importance of understanding the biomarker-RA relationship for effective biosensor design.

Conclusions:

• Optical biosensors offer promising avenues for sensitive and specific RA detection and monitoring.
• Clearer understanding of biomarker-RA links enhances biosensor development and interpretation.
• This review serves as a valuable tool for researchers advancing RA diagnostics.