Related Concept Videos
Chronic Pharyngitis
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract....
Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis
CF is primarily caused by a genetic mutation in a chromosome 7 gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The most common gene mutation leading to CF is the ΔF508 mutation,...
Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include:
Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction
You might also read
Related Articles
Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.
Multidisciplinary Consensus Statement for Appropriate Evaluation and Workup of Sinonasal Masses.
Lost and Found: Is Olfactory Recovery More Promising After COVID-19 Than Other Causes, Even 2 Years Later?
Multi-Layer Endoscopic Repair of Anterior Skull Base Defects.
Utilizing a publicly accessible automated machine learning platform to enable diagnosis before tumor surgery.
Histopathologic Insights Into Curvularia-Induced Chronic Granulomatous Fungal Sinusitis: A Guide for Surgical Pathologists.
Enhancing Diagnostic Accuracy in Sinonasal Neuroendocrine Tumors: The Case for DOTATATE PET Over FDG PET.
Biosimilars in allergology: an outline in pediatric patients.
The immunogenetic landscape of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Circadian control of innate immunity: molecular mechanisms and implications for allergic disorders.
Probiotics in allergic disease: from adjunct supplement to immune-modifying strategy (2026 update).
Updates on drug-induced anaphylaxis in children.
Beta-lactam de-labelling as a core antimicrobial stewardship strategy in the era of the antimicrobial resistance pandemic: a narrative review.
Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 1, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Allergic Rhinitis Research with Multicolor Immunofluorescence
Published on: September 22, 2023
Chronic rhinosinusitis: phenotypes and endotypes.
Luke N Bailey1, Jaime A Pena Garcia, Jessica W Grayson
1Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) classification is evolving beyond simple polyp presence. New phenotypic descriptions enable personalized treatment for difficult-to-control airway inflammation.
More Related Videos
Area of Science:
- Otolaryngology
- Immunology
- Genetics
Background:
- Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent airway inflammation affecting many individuals.
- Current diagnostic models for CRS are outdated, moving beyond a simple polyp or no-polyp dichotomy.
- Advances in understanding CRS endotypes are crucial for refining patient stratification.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the evolving landscape of Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) classification.
- To highlight the importance of endotype-based phenotyping in CRS management.
- To discuss the limitations of the traditional CRS classification system.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of recent advances in CRS research.
- Analysis of endotype and phenotype descriptions in Chronic Rhinosinusitis.
- Examination of geographic variations in CRS presentation and molecular drivers.
Main Results:
- Geographic differences in patient presentations necessitate molecular evaluation.
- New CRS phenotypes facilitate targeted therapy, especially for refractory cases.
- The simple "CRS with or without nasal polyps" classification is insufficient for modern treatment decisions.
Conclusions:
- Refined CRS phenotypes driven by endotype research are essential for personalized medicine.
- Understanding molecular drivers of geographic variations can inform patient-specific treatment.
- A move towards precision medicine in Chronic Rhinosinusitis is warranted.

