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Updated: Dec 1, 2025
Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
Published on: May 17, 2024
The Use of the Bipedicled Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap for Unilateral Breast Reconstruction: A Systematic
Georgios Christopoulos, Theodoros N Sergentanis1, Apostolos Vlachogiorgos2
1Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Introduction:
The use of abdominal flaps is recognized as a very advantageous approach for breast reconstruction with gradual refinements leading from the pedicled transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap to the criterion standard deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap and its several variations. A systematic review with meta-analysis attempts to investigate the safety of the bipedicled DIEP flap for unilateral breast reconstruction.
Methods:
The literature search used "PubMed" database, and a relevant study conducted at the Queen Victoria Hospital was also included. The extraction of data included study type, follow-up, patients' age, body mass index, preexisting abdominal scars, timing of reconstruction, operating time, flap inset, pedicles' configuration, flap failure, revision, and complication rates. Proportions were pooled with Freeman-Tukey arcsine transformation, and meta-regression was performed to evaluate whether complication rates were modified by different variables.
Results:
Fourteen eligible articles provided an overall sample of 486 flaps, with a median follow-up of 18.5 months. In most cases, immediate reconstruction with undivided flap was performed, with equal use of extraflap and intraflap pedicles' configuration. Only 4 cases of flap failure (0.82%) were documented, with 18% overall complications and 3% fat necrosis rate. The forest plot showed significant between-study heterogeneity, and meta-regression revealed marginal positive association between older patient and complication rate.
Conclusions:
Bipedicled DIEP flap for unilateral breast reconstruction is a technique that maintains the complications rate relatively low in challenging postmastectomy cases. Further comparative studies are needed to substantiate the findings of this study.
