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Plasmids01:28

Plasmids

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Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotic microbes like yeast. These small, circular DNA structures typically contain fewer than 30 genes, although some may exist linearly. Plasmids vary in their number within a cell, known as copy number. Single-copy plasmids are present in one copy per cell and multi-copy plasmids are present in multiple copies, reaching over 100 copies per cell.Plasmids usually replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA...
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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a model for understanding inducible gene regulation and metabolic flexibility. It integrates local control by lactose and global regulation through catabolite repression, enabling E. coli to preferentially metabolize glucose when available and switch to lactose utilization when glucose is scarce.Structure and Function of the lac OperonThe lac operon contains three structural genes: lacZ (β-galactosidase), lacY (lactose permease), and lacA...
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Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

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The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
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Firmicutes is a diverse phylum of Gram-positive bacteria characterized by a low GC content in their genomes. This phylum includes organisms with monoderm or diderm cell envelopes, highlighting a complex evolutionary history. Firmicutes comprises several major orders, including Lactobacillales, Clostridiales, and Bacillales, which exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, metabolism, and ecological roles.The order Lactobacillales includes lactic acid bacteria, which are fermentative...
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Plasmids encode niche-specific traits in Lactobacillaceae.

Dimple Davray1, Dipti Deo1, Ram Kulkarni1

  • 1Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412115, India.

Microbial Genomics
|November 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lactobacillaceae plasmids differ based on habitat. Genes on plasmids help these bacteria adapt to diverse environments, from animal hosts to free-living niches, impacting their technological and probiotic potential.

Keywords:
Clusters of Orthologous GroupsLactobacillaceaecomparative genomicsecological nicheplasmid-encoded traitstress resistance genes

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Lactobacillaceae species inhabit diverse environments and are crucial in fermented foods and probiotics.
  • Plasmids within these species often carry genes conferring significant advantages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comparative genomic analysis of Lactobacillaceae plasmids.
  • To correlate plasmid genomic features with the ecological niches of their host species.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis of 512 plasmids from 282 Lactobacillaceae strains.
  • Correlation of plasmid genomic features (abundance, GC content) with host ecological niches.
  • Functional annotation using EggNOG to identify enriched genes.

Main Results:

  • Plasmid abundance and GC content were lower in vertebrate-adapted species.
  • Plasmids from nomadic/free-living species showed distinct genomic profiles compared to vertebrate-adapted species.
  • Genes for transposition, conjugation, stress tolerance, and metabolism were enriched on plasmids, correlating with habitat.

Conclusions:

  • Plasmid genomic signatures reflect adaptation to specific ecological niches in Lactobacillaceae.
  • Plasmids contribute significantly to the adaptation of lactobacilli to their respective habitats.
  • These findings highlight the potential of Lactobacillaceae plasmids for enhancing technological and probiotic traits.