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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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Formation of Higher-order Actin Filaments01:11

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The polymerization of G-actin monomers into filamentous F-actin is a multi-step process. Once the F-actins are formed, they can bundle together in different arrangements to form higher-order networks and regulate cellular functions. Common examples include the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia at the cell's leading edge by actin reorganization in a migrating cell. The microvilli on the brush border epithelial cells are also formed through the F-actin network.
The high-order actin...
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Actin Filament Depolymerization01:19

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Actin filaments (F-actin) are composed of actin subunits. The dissociation of actin monomers can occur from either end of F-actin. The rate of dissociation is faster from the minus-end or the pointed end, where the actin subunits exist with a bound ADP, together known as ADP-actin. The depolymerization of F-actin is aided by proteins, including the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) and cofilin family of proteins, gelsolin, and glia maturation factor (GMF).
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Introduction to Actin01:26

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Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found abundantly in eukaryotic cells. It constitutes 10% weight of the total cellular protein in muscle cells, while in non-muscle cells, it is lower and makes up around 1–5 percent of the total cell protein. Actin found in the unicellular amoebae and complex multicellular animals is around 80% similar, demonstrating their conservation over a billion years of evolution.  Actin coding genes are conserved within species and across...
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Actin Polymerization and Cell Motility01:13

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Actin is a family of globular proteins that are highly abundant in eukaryotic cells. It makes up approximately 1-5% of total cell protein concentration. Actin monomers polymerize to form a complex network of polarized filaments, the actin cytoskeleton, that plays a crucial role in many cellular processes, including cell motility, division, endocytosis, and metastasis of cancer cells.
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The Role of Actin and Myosin in Non-muscle Cells01:10

The Role of Actin and Myosin in Non-muscle Cells

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Actin and myosin or actomyosin filaments also play a significant role in cells other than those involved in muscle contraction (which occurs within the sarcomere of muscle cells). The mechanism of non-muscle cell contractile bundles was first observed in Dictyostelium and Acanthamoeba. In non-muscle cells, two bundles are commonly found: stress fibers and actomyosin adherence belts. These contractile bundles are smaller and less organized than the ones found in muscle cells. They  are held...
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Reconstitution of Actin-Based Motility with Commercially Available Proteins
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The entangled relationship between cilia and actin.

Lena Brücker1, Viola Kretschmer1, Helen Louise May-Simera1

  • 1Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.

The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
|November 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Actin regulators are crucial for primary cilia function, impacting development and cellular communication. This review details their role in ciliogenesis, ciliopathies, and cancer.

Keywords:
ActinCiliaCiliopathiesPCPSignalling

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Using Microfluidics and Fluorescence Microscopy to Study the Assembly Dynamics of Single Actin Filaments and Bundles
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Primary cilia are essential microtubule-based organelles for cell signaling and development.
  • Defects in primary cilia lead to ciliopathies, a group of genetic disorders.
  • Actin regulators are increasingly recognized for their role in ciliogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the involvement of actin regulators in primary cilia assembly and function.
  • To highlight the connection between actin networks, cilia proteins, and signaling pathways like Planar Cell Polarity (PCP).
  • To elucidate the role of actin regulators in ciliopathy pathogenesis and cancer development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on F-actin and primary cilia.
  • Focus on actin regulators affecting basal body positioning, ciliary assembly, and disassembly.
  • Analysis of feedback loops between actin networks and cilia proteins.

Main Results:

  • F-actin polymerization directly impacts ciliation.
  • The ciliary basal body functions as both a microtubule and actin organizing center.
  • Actin regulators influence signaling pathways, including PCP, which in turn affects actin organization.

Conclusions:

  • Actin regulators play a multifaceted role in primary cilia biology.
  • Understanding these interactions is key to addressing ciliopathies and cancer.
  • Further research into actin-cilia crosstalk is warranted.