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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 1, 2025

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Melanoma Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes
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Cellular Reprogramming-A Model for Melanoma Cellular Plasticity.

Karol Granados1,2,3, Juliane Poelchen1,2, Daniel Novak1,2

  • 1Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|November 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Melanoma cells exhibit high plasticity, switching phenotypes and developing drug resistance. Induced pluripotent cancer (iPC) cell reprogramming offers a novel model to study this cellular plasticity and resistance in melanoma.

Keywords:
cellular plasticityheterogeneitymelanomapartial reprogrammingphenotype switch

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Cellular Reprogramming

Background:

  • Melanoma cellular plasticity, characterized by phenotypic heterogeneity, contributes to drug resistance and treatment challenges.
  • Melanoma cells can transition between proliferative/differentiated and invasive/dedifferentiated states, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
  • Tumor heterogeneity exacerbates melanoma's inherent cellular plasticity, necessitating advanced research models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore induced pluripotent cancer (iPC) cell reprogramming as a tool for investigating melanoma cellular plasticity.
  • To gain deeper insights into the molecular drivers of phenotype switching in melanoma.
  • To understand the link between melanoma cell plasticity and resistance to anticancer therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing complete and partial reprogramming techniques to generate induced pluripotent cancer (iPC) cells from melanoma.
  • Employing iPC models to study cellular heterogeneity and phenotypic switching.
  • Analyzing the relationship between cellular plasticity and drug resistance in melanoma.

Main Results:

  • Induced pluripotent cancer (iPC) cell reprogramming provides a viable model for studying melanoma plasticity.
  • This approach facilitates detailed investigation into the mechanisms of phenotype switching.
  • The models developed aid in understanding melanoma's resistance to conventional treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Induced pluripotent cancer (iPC) cell reprogramming is a valuable strategy for dissecting melanoma cellular plasticity.
  • Understanding plasticity through iPC models can illuminate mechanisms of drug resistance.
  • This research opens new avenues for developing more effective melanoma treatments.