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Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution
Emmanuel Alakunle1, Ugo Moens2, Godwin Nchinda3,4
1Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical Science Concentration, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Nigeria, 98 Lamido Zubairu Way, PMB 2250 Yola, Nigeria.
Viruses
|November 10, 2020
Summary
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) reemerged in Nigeria in 2017, raising concerns about its potential to fill the smallpox virus niche. Further research is needed to identify the definitive animal reservoir for MPXV.
Area of Science:
- Virology
- Epidemiology
- Evolutionary Biology
Background:
- Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), an orthopoxvirus.
- MPXV reemerged in Nigeria in 2017 after a 39-year absence, with subsequent international export of cases.
- There is concern that MPXV may be occupying the ecological niche left by the eradicated smallpox virus.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the current knowledge on MPXV infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution in Nigeria and globally.
- To examine factors influencing MPXV transmission, infection, and maintenance in nature.
- To analyze the role of genetic changes in MPXV evolution and review current therapeutic strategies.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive literature review of MPXV infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution.
- Analysis of viral genetic data, including genome-wide phylogenetic analysis.
- Review of current therapeutic and preventive options for monkeypox.
Main Results:
- MPXV isolates from the 2017 Nigerian outbreak are phylogenetically linked to an isolate exported to Israel but distinct from earlier Nigerian isolates (1971, 1978).
- Recombination, gene loss, and gene gain play roles in MPXV evolution.
- Current knowledge gaps exist, notably the unidentified definitive animal reservoir host for MPXV.
Conclusions:
- MPXV evolution is influenced by genetic mechanisms, and its recent reemergence warrants attention.
- Understanding MPXV transmission dynamics and host interactions is crucial.
- Further research is essential to identify the reservoir host and address other knowledge gaps for effective MPXV control.
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