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Neurophysiological correlates of age differences in driving behavior during concurrent subtask performance.

Robert Stojan1, Claudia Voelcker-Rehage1

  • 1Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Horstmarer Landweg 62 b, 48149 Muenster, Germany; Professorship of Sport Psychology (with focus on Prevention and Rehabilitation), Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Thueringer Weg 11, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany.

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Summary

Older adults (OA) and younger adults (YA) show driving impairments with added tasks. OA are more affected by visual-motor tasks, while YA are more cognitively distracted by conversations.

Keywords:
Brain functionCognitionDual-taskingOlder adultsVirtual RealityfNIRS

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human Factors Engineering

Background:

  • Driving is a complex cognitive-motor task increasingly challenging for older adults due to declining neurophysiological resources.
  • Engaging in concurrent subtasks (e.g., conversations, device interaction) can further tax cognitive resources, potentially impacting driving performance.
  • Age-related differences in neurocognitive functioning may lead to varied performance decrements and brain activation patterns during dual-task driving.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related differences in driving behavior and brain functional correlates during concurrent subtask performance.
  • To examine how different neurocognitive task demands (visuo-motor, working memory, verbal fluency) differentially affect younger adults (YA) and older adults (OA) while driving.

Main Methods:

  • A driving simulator study involving 30 YA (mean age ~22) and 30 OA (mean age ~69) performing a rural driving task.
  • Concurrent subtasks included typing a number (TYPE), comparing traffic news (working memory, WM), and stating arguments (ARG).
  • Behavioral measures included lateral position, velocity, and following distance variability. Brain activity was monitored using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC).

Main Results:

  • Both YA and OA exhibited increased lateral position variability during the TYPE task, with a more pronounced effect in OA.
  • YA showed higher velocity variability during ARG compared to TYPE and WM, whereas OA displayed no task-specific velocity differences.
  • OA demonstrated the largest brain functional response to TYPE, while YA showed distinct activation during ARG and smaller responses to TYPE and WM.

Conclusions:

  • Both younger and older adults are vulnerable to performance decrements when performing distractive subtasks while driving.
  • Age differences in driving performance under dual-task conditions are significantly influenced by the neurocognitive demands of the subtask.
  • Older adults may face a higher risk of accidents during visuo-motor tasks (e.g., navigation systems), whereas younger adults may be more cognitively distracted by conversations.